Susan Johnson:
Is Governmental Intervention the way to go?: I really enjoyed your discussion on the balance of "self-propelled dreams of the people while utilizing the assistance and presence of the government. " I thought it was a good way to begin your blog. Also, I thought it was smart of you to present some example of why some indiviuals have a hard time trusting the government. You made it clear in this blog that your main argument was to have balance. I, like you, stand somewhere in the middle. Overall I think you did a good job presenting your opinion and providing reasons why!
Money makes the World go round. : I found that you had a very creative title that went perfectly with your blog! I liked how you tied in finance in the modern world, by discussing our current economic situation, with also talking about finance in earlier years. You also provided good informative facts about finance, which essentially was the whole purpose of this blog! Good job! :)
Deirdre Cienki
Yes or No to Gov't Control : I liked how you chose to present your opinion as an introductory paragraph and then go on to discuss why some people want government control and others don't. I do agree with you...the subject could get a little tense, but I also agree that I, like you, fall somewhere in the middle of the two extremes. Overall, you did a good job presenting your opinion.
Money Madness: I thought the first two sentences of your introduction paragraph were an excellent thesis statement for this blog. You did a good job presenting facts about finance in the past and the roles it has played!
Jess Tavizon:
Two views One Country: You do a really good job in organizing all of your thought in all of your blogs that I have read! I thought you had a really strong thesis statement, and I liked how you restated some of the information from the article we read. I also liked that you gave reason why you fell somewhere in between of the two arguments, because you found valid arguments for both sides. I also really liked your second paragraph! The story of Ashton was really interesting, and it also provided reason as to why you would not fully trust them. Overall, I really enjoyed reading your opinion in this blog!
Crunching Numbers: First of all, I liked your title! Your introduction was very well constructed and I enjoyed your use of examples, such as that people spend money every single day because we have to eat, and we can't walk around in our "birthday suits". Overall you did a good job providing reasons as to why finance has became so big.
Tuesday, November 17, 2009
Thursday, November 12, 2009
Moneychangers
There is no doubt that money is an influential, necessary component of our everyday life. Finance, the study of how money is acquired and invested, has developed into an academic discipline, deriving from borrowed elements, tools, and technique from mathematics (Chance and Peterson 446). The fields of probability, advanced economics and physics have been the most influential on the reputation of finance. Though a relatively young field, its roots go back centuries. In more ways than one, the field of finance has emerged tremendously. Job prospects in finance are expected to grow faster than average for the next 10 years. From way back when bankers were called "moneychangers" to now, the quantitative fields emerge together to open new opportunities in the world of finance.
The scientific character of finance arises largely from its preoccupation with risk (447). The advances in computers and the development of increasingly powerful statistical techniques have allowed finance to become a truly empirical science, demanding that its various experiments be as objective, accurate, and repeatable as those in particle physics of microbiology (447). Risk in finance is both complicated and pervasive, and that is where the element of what is known as derivatives come in. They are instruments derived from the values of stocks, bonds, currencies, or commodities. These instruments allow the buying and selling of financial uncertainty, so that firms needing to reduce risk can transfer it to firms willing to bear it (451). All of these theories came together to be called financial engineering.
Many of these financial theories and tests are now as likely to be formulated at major financial institutions as at universities. The creation of these theories along with its risk management tools is what enabled practitioners of this discipline to find a place in the world of the academy.
The scientific character of finance arises largely from its preoccupation with risk (447). The advances in computers and the development of increasingly powerful statistical techniques have allowed finance to become a truly empirical science, demanding that its various experiments be as objective, accurate, and repeatable as those in particle physics of microbiology (447). Risk in finance is both complicated and pervasive, and that is where the element of what is known as derivatives come in. They are instruments derived from the values of stocks, bonds, currencies, or commodities. These instruments allow the buying and selling of financial uncertainty, so that firms needing to reduce risk can transfer it to firms willing to bear it (451). All of these theories came together to be called financial engineering.
Many of these financial theories and tests are now as likely to be formulated at major financial institutions as at universities. The creation of these theories along with its risk management tools is what enabled practitioners of this discipline to find a place in the world of the academy.
Tuesday, November 10, 2009
Two Sides of the Spectrum
As far back as I can remember, there have been certain set of rules I was brought up with. From being in kinder garden and being told to raise my hand if I had something to say, to learning how to drive and seeing "red means stop", we have been brought up with a certain set laws and regulations that are ultimately designed with one motive; to protect us. Even as simple as raising your hand in an elementary classroom, without that rule, a bunch of students would be speaking at once and it would be so chaotic that the teacher could not do what they are there to do- teach. Now being older, you realize that that are rules in almost every aspect of our live; school, family, work, law and society. I believe that the elimination of these rules we have grown to be so familiar with, would cause our country to become corrupt and unsafe, and ultimately result in chaos.
After reading the article "Politics for the Really Cool", it is clearly evident that Sameer Parekh was at the far end of the spectrum believing that all government should be stripped away. He has been selling a cryptographic product which would be useful to anyone who can't afford to leave behind a paper trail (McHugh 436). That would be someone running an illegal gambling business, distributing child pornography, or arranging details of a cocaine shipment, or simply someone who just doesn't want to pay taxes (McHugh 436). It is outrageous to think that these kinds of products even exist; that someone would think it is ok to produce a product that helps an individual get away with distributing child pornography! It is these same products and technology that federal authorities have been attempting to limit the spread of. But just think of if the government was completely stripped away, who would be fighting to limit such things? Without the government control these actions would be increasingly more common and nobody would attempt to control or limit them.
The article also discusses how a "key escrow" bureaucracy that would hold cryptographic keys that could, if law enforcement deemed it necessary, be used to unscramble any encrypted message (437). It brings up the question do we really want to put that much power in the hands of bureaucrats? If so, we are looking at kidnappings, terrorist attacks, banking scandals, and things of those sort possibly being prevented. I personally wouldn't mind giving up some of my privacy if it means preventing a terrorist attack or kidnapping, but how far is too far? If we discuss the opposite end of the spectrum which Parekh lays, we would be talking about complete government control. I do not believe in this side of the spectrum as much as I am against Perkhs side.
When the government attempts to control every aspect of our life, then that is too far. I lie in between these two sides of the spectrum, but more towards the side that prevents our country from total chaos. Our government is here for a reason. Without it, our safety and our country as we know it would be at stake.
After reading the article "Politics for the Really Cool", it is clearly evident that Sameer Parekh was at the far end of the spectrum believing that all government should be stripped away. He has been selling a cryptographic product which would be useful to anyone who can't afford to leave behind a paper trail (McHugh 436). That would be someone running an illegal gambling business, distributing child pornography, or arranging details of a cocaine shipment, or simply someone who just doesn't want to pay taxes (McHugh 436). It is outrageous to think that these kinds of products even exist; that someone would think it is ok to produce a product that helps an individual get away with distributing child pornography! It is these same products and technology that federal authorities have been attempting to limit the spread of. But just think of if the government was completely stripped away, who would be fighting to limit such things? Without the government control these actions would be increasingly more common and nobody would attempt to control or limit them.
The article also discusses how a "key escrow" bureaucracy that would hold cryptographic keys that could, if law enforcement deemed it necessary, be used to unscramble any encrypted message (437). It brings up the question do we really want to put that much power in the hands of bureaucrats? If so, we are looking at kidnappings, terrorist attacks, banking scandals, and things of those sort possibly being prevented. I personally wouldn't mind giving up some of my privacy if it means preventing a terrorist attack or kidnapping, but how far is too far? If we discuss the opposite end of the spectrum which Parekh lays, we would be talking about complete government control. I do not believe in this side of the spectrum as much as I am against Perkhs side.
When the government attempts to control every aspect of our life, then that is too far. I lie in between these two sides of the spectrum, but more towards the side that prevents our country from total chaos. Our government is here for a reason. Without it, our safety and our country as we know it would be at stake.
Week 11 Blog Reviews
Susan Johnson:
Polish Prosperity:
I thought you did a good job in your first paragraph. I liked that you started off by discussing how many immigrants came to America in search of great opportunities. I also liked that you chose to write about Polish immigrants because of your own family came from Poland. I come from a hispanic origin, so I was unable to write about my own origin because of the intructions! You had a couple sentences that seemed to have ran on, maybe a couple commas could have fixed the problem. I did notice that you always seem to throw in creative phrases every now and then, for example, "...a piece of the great American pie", which always add a little extra to your writing! I really enjoyed reading about your great grandparents and their 11 children!
Buy Now! :
I liked how your title related to the first sentence of your blog. I found that statement, "Our modern world is driven by the desire to own or operate the most up-to-date technologies and possessions", to be very true and I agree with you! I also thought asking "...but is it really so bad?", was a good way to transition into your body paragraph. Also, you showed good organization by having a seperate paragraph to dicuss the good things about materialism, and another to discuss the bad. Your concluding statement summed up your blog nicely and overall it was very well written.
Deirdre Cienki:
Slovakia Calling :
I noticed that the first paragraph mostly consisted of facts about Slovakia, which could be good for anyone not familiar. Some of the information, though it was very informative, seemed to kind of just been thrown in. It was very interesting to read about their impact during World War II, and their family values, and also the American approach to their immigration. I would have liked to have read more about their impact on todays culture, but overall It was really interesting! I enjoyed reading and getting a little bit more familiar with the information you presented.
"Goods" for a reason:
I really liked the title and thought it went good with the content of your blog. I thought your first paragraph was really good! In the sentence, "While I know having all the newest electronics or the nicest car doesn’t make a person happy (or does it?), it’s okay to look and like… Isn’t it?", I thought it was kind of funny, and a good way to continue on with talking about if it is good or not. I also thought it was smart of you to include a paragraph on Twitchell's perspective on the issue, and then go on to talk about the down side of materialism versus the good. I thought you did a good job and it was very well written!
Jess Tavizon:
Armenians in America:
I thought you did an excellent job! I liked how you incorporated a little of your own background by talking about your parents and then went on to introduce how Armenians impacted America. You did a really good job in organizaing a summary with good background information, and you also cited everything correctly! I also thought it was cool how you said you didn't even know that the Republic of Armenia existed, yet you did a good job researching and explaining their impact on the country. I also loved how you threw in that System of a Down was also Armenian,( I didn't know that!), and how this country is only better by the talents of other ethnicities.
Thou Shall Not Covet:
Again, I thought your title was very creative! I like that you took a different approach that most of the blogs that I read, by beginning your blog with talking about taxes being places in the 1700's. Also, I thought you made a good point with using the example of being a pack rat! I probably am guilty of keeping things I KNOW i don't need. I loved your conclusion paragraph, especially the point you make when you say that although the material items may bring you pleasure now, when you leave this world you can't take them with you. Excellent point! I agree with you completely that materialism has its pros and cons and overall I think you did a good job! :)
Polish Prosperity:
I thought you did a good job in your first paragraph. I liked that you started off by discussing how many immigrants came to America in search of great opportunities. I also liked that you chose to write about Polish immigrants because of your own family came from Poland. I come from a hispanic origin, so I was unable to write about my own origin because of the intructions! You had a couple sentences that seemed to have ran on, maybe a couple commas could have fixed the problem. I did notice that you always seem to throw in creative phrases every now and then, for example, "...a piece of the great American pie", which always add a little extra to your writing! I really enjoyed reading about your great grandparents and their 11 children!
Buy Now! :
I liked how your title related to the first sentence of your blog. I found that statement, "Our modern world is driven by the desire to own or operate the most up-to-date technologies and possessions", to be very true and I agree with you! I also thought asking "...but is it really so bad?", was a good way to transition into your body paragraph. Also, you showed good organization by having a seperate paragraph to dicuss the good things about materialism, and another to discuss the bad. Your concluding statement summed up your blog nicely and overall it was very well written.
Deirdre Cienki:
Slovakia Calling :
I noticed that the first paragraph mostly consisted of facts about Slovakia, which could be good for anyone not familiar. Some of the information, though it was very informative, seemed to kind of just been thrown in. It was very interesting to read about their impact during World War II, and their family values, and also the American approach to their immigration. I would have liked to have read more about their impact on todays culture, but overall It was really interesting! I enjoyed reading and getting a little bit more familiar with the information you presented.
"Goods" for a reason:
I really liked the title and thought it went good with the content of your blog. I thought your first paragraph was really good! In the sentence, "While I know having all the newest electronics or the nicest car doesn’t make a person happy (or does it?), it’s okay to look and like… Isn’t it?", I thought it was kind of funny, and a good way to continue on with talking about if it is good or not. I also thought it was smart of you to include a paragraph on Twitchell's perspective on the issue, and then go on to talk about the down side of materialism versus the good. I thought you did a good job and it was very well written!
Jess Tavizon:
Armenians in America:
I thought you did an excellent job! I liked how you incorporated a little of your own background by talking about your parents and then went on to introduce how Armenians impacted America. You did a really good job in organizaing a summary with good background information, and you also cited everything correctly! I also thought it was cool how you said you didn't even know that the Republic of Armenia existed, yet you did a good job researching and explaining their impact on the country. I also loved how you threw in that System of a Down was also Armenian,( I didn't know that!), and how this country is only better by the talents of other ethnicities.
Thou Shall Not Covet:
Again, I thought your title was very creative! I like that you took a different approach that most of the blogs that I read, by beginning your blog with talking about taxes being places in the 1700's. Also, I thought you made a good point with using the example of being a pack rat! I probably am guilty of keeping things I KNOW i don't need. I loved your conclusion paragraph, especially the point you make when you say that although the material items may bring you pleasure now, when you leave this world you can't take them with you. Excellent point! I agree with you completely that materialism has its pros and cons and overall I think you did a good job! :)
Thursday, November 5, 2009
Korean Immigrants
Korean migration to the United States has occured in three distinct phases. First, at the beginning of the 20th century, the second consisted mostly of students motivated mainly by educational opportunities following the Korean War, and the third started in 1965 with the liberalization of the U.S. national quota system (Noland). Although many of the immigrants were in fact white-collar, educated workers in Korea, the lack of competence of the English language led them to face problems in America. As a result of this, many of them began to shift careers and start their own small businesses. They are known for their entrepreneurial activity.
Korean immigrants have been found to have educational attainment nearly twice the US national average; to create businesses at a rate of roughly 70 greater than the general population; and to maintain savings and wealth accumulation rates roughly double the national average. The children of these immigrants exhibit even higher rates of educational attainment and incomes about 40 percent higher than the U.S. population as a whole. There is a statistical correlation between the presence of Korean immigrants and state economic performance.
In the article we read, John Maggs shares information from a study that argued immigration provides clear benefits to the U.S. economy. They boost supply of labor, which is definitly the case when referring to Korean immigrants. And although they experienced a language barrier, with the level of education and entrepreneurial activity shown by Korean immigrants, it is clear that they add to U.S. output, ultimately providing more wealth for all Americans to share.
Noland, Marcus. Impact of Korean Imimigration on US economy. http://www.piie.com/publications/chapters_preview/365/4iie3586.pdf
Korean immigrants have been found to have educational attainment nearly twice the US national average; to create businesses at a rate of roughly 70 greater than the general population; and to maintain savings and wealth accumulation rates roughly double the national average. The children of these immigrants exhibit even higher rates of educational attainment and incomes about 40 percent higher than the U.S. population as a whole. There is a statistical correlation between the presence of Korean immigrants and state economic performance.
In the article we read, John Maggs shares information from a study that argued immigration provides clear benefits to the U.S. economy. They boost supply of labor, which is definitly the case when referring to Korean immigrants. And although they experienced a language barrier, with the level of education and entrepreneurial activity shown by Korean immigrants, it is clear that they add to U.S. output, ultimately providing more wealth for all Americans to share.
Noland, Marcus. Impact of Korean Imimigration on US economy. http://www.piie.com/publications/chapters_preview/365/4iie3586.pdf
Tuesday, November 3, 2009
A 'Mallcondo" Culture
Materialism seems to now be a central characteristic of modern life. Even the rest of the world is calling America a nation of consumers, and they are right. "The average American consumes twice as many goods and services as in 1950 (389)". That being said, two things are certain; Materialism in today’s culture is rapidly growing, and Americans love their 'things'.
As Twitchell states in his article, materialism may be the most shallow of the 20th century's various -isms (389). The article tells us how our commercial culture has been blamed for the rise of eating disorders, the epidemic of depression, the carnivalization of holy times like Christmas, and short attention span of our youth (390). This is clearly evident in today’s culture. These days, it seems like the corporate market is more focused about making profit during the holidays then ever. Did you ever notice how it seems like almost every grocery store or department store tends to somewhat overlook Thanksgiving and display all of its Christmas merchandise a week after Halloween!? Rather than acknowledging Thanksgiving, the corporate world skips straight to Christmas and they shift it's meaning from a holy holiday to a commercial holiday. Materialism can also be to blame to the short attention span of our youth. Rather than reading the newest book, a majority of the kids are worried about the latest release of a new video game.
Materialism - getting and spending- , though it has its flaws, is a major source of meaning and happiness in the modern world. "We live through things. We create ourselves through things. And we change ourselves by changing our things (Twitchell 389)." I can think of many situations where people have a bad day, and go out and buy something to make them feel better. Or have you ever seen a girl fresh out of a bad break up go out and essentially get a whole new makeover to make herself feel better or give herself a sense of a new beginning. In some cases, people collect a vast amount of things, and this is actually their hobby. It gives them a sense of satisfaction. It also contributes to an individual’s happiness to know that you have the freedom of buying whatever you want, wherever you want. After working for your hard owned money, it gives a sense of meaning to be able to spend it however you please. And when discussing owning the "best" or "latest" available possession, sometimes it’s less focused on the actual possession and more towards the meaning behind it.
There is no doubt that materialism has its pros and cons, but it isn't going anywhere. It is here to stay and will continue to grow as long as people continue to buy. Is it more good than bad? In my opinion, materialism is good as long as the individual doesn't over do it. The corporate market will continue to be the corporate market and do whatever it has to to make profit. But the consumer has control of the extent in which they consume. If you obtain easy credit for example, and over buy, then you will see that bad side of materialism and be stuck in endless debt. But if you watch the extent in which you buy, materialism can give a sense of happiness and satisfaction.
As Twitchell states in his article, materialism may be the most shallow of the 20th century's various -isms (389). The article tells us how our commercial culture has been blamed for the rise of eating disorders, the epidemic of depression, the carnivalization of holy times like Christmas, and short attention span of our youth (390). This is clearly evident in today’s culture. These days, it seems like the corporate market is more focused about making profit during the holidays then ever. Did you ever notice how it seems like almost every grocery store or department store tends to somewhat overlook Thanksgiving and display all of its Christmas merchandise a week after Halloween!? Rather than acknowledging Thanksgiving, the corporate world skips straight to Christmas and they shift it's meaning from a holy holiday to a commercial holiday. Materialism can also be to blame to the short attention span of our youth. Rather than reading the newest book, a majority of the kids are worried about the latest release of a new video game.
Materialism - getting and spending- , though it has its flaws, is a major source of meaning and happiness in the modern world. "We live through things. We create ourselves through things. And we change ourselves by changing our things (Twitchell 389)." I can think of many situations where people have a bad day, and go out and buy something to make them feel better. Or have you ever seen a girl fresh out of a bad break up go out and essentially get a whole new makeover to make herself feel better or give herself a sense of a new beginning. In some cases, people collect a vast amount of things, and this is actually their hobby. It gives them a sense of satisfaction. It also contributes to an individual’s happiness to know that you have the freedom of buying whatever you want, wherever you want. After working for your hard owned money, it gives a sense of meaning to be able to spend it however you please. And when discussing owning the "best" or "latest" available possession, sometimes it’s less focused on the actual possession and more towards the meaning behind it.
There is no doubt that materialism has its pros and cons, but it isn't going anywhere. It is here to stay and will continue to grow as long as people continue to buy. Is it more good than bad? In my opinion, materialism is good as long as the individual doesn't over do it. The corporate market will continue to be the corporate market and do whatever it has to to make profit. But the consumer has control of the extent in which they consume. If you obtain easy credit for example, and over buy, then you will see that bad side of materialism and be stuck in endless debt. But if you watch the extent in which you buy, materialism can give a sense of happiness and satisfaction.
Week 10 Blog Reviews
Susan Johnson:
Move Over Miley!: I thought you had a really strong introductory paragraph! You made some good points and I like the perspective you took on this topic. I completely agree with you that the music industry should be less focused on appearance and image, and more on actual talent! It was also smart of you to also relate this topic to the movie industry as well, because it's obvious this issue applies to actors as too. All the points you made were nicely tied together in your conclusion paragraph and I enjoyed reading your opinion on how things need to change. I do agree that it gets a bit fustrating hearing Miley or other "disney" stars repeatedly on the radio. You had really good organization for this blog, and it all flowed together really good.The only thing I would add is in the second paragraph I saw a couple run on sentences that were a bit long and made it a little hard to comprehend. Overall this was a really well written blog and I enjoyed reading it!
Free Upgrade: Let me just tell you that I have been SO frusrated myself with T-mobile, I've had no signal for 2 weeks, theyve sent me 3 replacement phones and now I don't get my incoming calls and every time I call I stay on the phone for an hour come to find out they won't give me a different model unless i pay 400 dollars! So I know how your frustration :) . Again, I enjoyed reading this blog. You did a good job on being descriptive and using good narration. I also noticed your use of adjective throughout the blog and it made it interesting to read!
Deirdre Cienki:
Music: All about the Money Maker : I liked your use of quotes from the book. They served as nice segways to the points that you made. You did a good job incorporating your opinion into this blog. "But if the music is “good” and the public accepts it, it won’t be going anywhere anytime soon," was a good way to sum up your opinion and go into the concluding paragraph. I do agree with you that in the end, it comes down to consumer demand.
Wany a fun day? Simply pay $4.75 via E-Z Pass. : I enoyed your title, it was really creative! However, you mispelled "want" as "wany", but I know little typos can sometimes be over looked, as you noticed in my blog! I thought you did a really good job overall. The organization and narration was very interesting. I thought it was smart of you to first provide a descriptive paragraph of the area for those who weren't familiar. The fact that you stated the end first, then went on the describe the event that caused it, added alot to your blog. You did a really good job!
Jess Tavizon:
Tennis Racket Mishap: It was clear after reading your blog that you have alot of passion for this sport! I enjoyed reading about how your love for tennis developed. You also had good narration and provided descriptive details, which added alot to your story! I enjoyed how first you told us about the great deal you got on the tennis racket, and yet it broke the moment you got frustrated! What did your parents say when you showed up with a broken racket!!?? :) Overall you did a really good job narrating your story!
Move Over Miley!: I thought you had a really strong introductory paragraph! You made some good points and I like the perspective you took on this topic. I completely agree with you that the music industry should be less focused on appearance and image, and more on actual talent! It was also smart of you to also relate this topic to the movie industry as well, because it's obvious this issue applies to actors as too. All the points you made were nicely tied together in your conclusion paragraph and I enjoyed reading your opinion on how things need to change. I do agree that it gets a bit fustrating hearing Miley or other "disney" stars repeatedly on the radio. You had really good organization for this blog, and it all flowed together really good.The only thing I would add is in the second paragraph I saw a couple run on sentences that were a bit long and made it a little hard to comprehend. Overall this was a really well written blog and I enjoyed reading it!
Free Upgrade: Let me just tell you that I have been SO frusrated myself with T-mobile, I've had no signal for 2 weeks, theyve sent me 3 replacement phones and now I don't get my incoming calls and every time I call I stay on the phone for an hour come to find out they won't give me a different model unless i pay 400 dollars! So I know how your frustration :) . Again, I enjoyed reading this blog. You did a good job on being descriptive and using good narration. I also noticed your use of adjective throughout the blog and it made it interesting to read!
Deirdre Cienki:
Music: All about the Money Maker : I liked your use of quotes from the book. They served as nice segways to the points that you made. You did a good job incorporating your opinion into this blog. "But if the music is “good” and the public accepts it, it won’t be going anywhere anytime soon," was a good way to sum up your opinion and go into the concluding paragraph. I do agree with you that in the end, it comes down to consumer demand.
Wany a fun day? Simply pay $4.75 via E-Z Pass. : I enoyed your title, it was really creative! However, you mispelled "want" as "wany", but I know little typos can sometimes be over looked, as you noticed in my blog! I thought you did a really good job overall. The organization and narration was very interesting. I thought it was smart of you to first provide a descriptive paragraph of the area for those who weren't familiar. The fact that you stated the end first, then went on the describe the event that caused it, added alot to your blog. You did a really good job!
Jess Tavizon:
Tennis Racket Mishap: It was clear after reading your blog that you have alot of passion for this sport! I enjoyed reading about how your love for tennis developed. You also had good narration and provided descriptive details, which added alot to your story! I enjoyed how first you told us about the great deal you got on the tennis racket, and yet it broke the moment you got frustrated! What did your parents say when you showed up with a broken racket!!?? :) Overall you did a really good job narrating your story!
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
